Reference Guidelines

General Guidelines:

References must follow AETR reference guidelines. These guidelines can be found on the AETR web page with the submission guidelines. The Editors will ask authors to revise their references if these guidelines are not observed.

Where available, DOIs (digital object identifiers) MUST be included in the reference list.
Do not place references in a text box.
Each reference should be in Times New Roman, 12-point font, double-spaced, half-inch hanging indent, ragged right.
References should be single-spaced, 12-point Times New Roman font.
All citations in the text must be included in the references, and all references must be cited in the text.
References use authors’ initials rather than full names.
When page numbering is not continuous throughout the volume of a serial publication (e.g., journals), issue numbers are always given along with page numbers. Otherwise, issue numbers may be included at the authors’ option, though they are preferred by the journal.
Authors are responsible for verification of all references.
Citation to a working paper is acceptable only if it includes the information required to publicly access it.
Inclusive page numbers for each reference should be given.
The reference list has been ordered alphabetically (not chronologically) by authors’ last names.
Citations with identical authors are listed chronologically.
Where a web address is given and does not refer to a pdf, a date of access is necessary.

Examples:

Book with 1 author

Black, J.D. 1929. Agricultural Reform in the United States. McGraw Hill.

Book with 2 authors

Wold, H., and L. Jureen. 1989. Demand Analysis, 3rd ed. Macmillan.

Book with 3 authors

Cramer, G.L., C.W. Jensen, and D.D. Southgate, Jr. 2001. Agricultural Economics and Agribusiness, 8th ed. Wiley.

Forthcoming book

Masters, H.E. Forthcoming. Land Grant Colleges Today, vol. 1. Macmillan.

Author and editor

Timmer, C.P. 1975. The Impact of Price. George Tolley, ed. Ballinger.

Editor as author

Harriss, C.L., ed. 1975. The Good Earth of America. Prentice-Hall.

Chapter in a book

Sjaastad, L. 1971. “Occupational Structure and Migration Patterns.” In E. O. Heady, ed. Labor Mobility and Population in Agriculture. Iowa State University Press, pp. 8–27.

Article in a journal that numbers pages consecutively throughout the year (please include article page numbers)

Ezekiel, M. 1929. “A Statistical Examination of the Problem of Handling Annual Surpluses of Nonperishable Farm Products.” Journal of Farm Economics 11:193–226. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1230429

Article in process
If publication year/volume is known, use

Swallow, S.K., and M.J. Mazzotta. 2004. “Assessing Public Priorities for Experiment Station Research: Contingent Value and Public Preferences for Agricultural Research.” American Journal of Agricultural Economics 86. Forthcoming. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0002-9092.2004.00647.x

If publication year is not known, use

Swallow, S.K., and M.J. Mazzotta. Forthcoming. “Assessing Public Priorities for Experiment Station Research: Contingent Value and Public Preferences for Agricultural Research.” American Journal of Agricultural Economics. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0002-9092.2004.00647.x

Article in a journal that uses an issue number rather than a volume number or article in a journal that begins numbering at p. 1 in each issue

Porter, M.E., and M. Sakakibara. 2004. “Competition in Japan.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 18(1):27–50. https://doi.org/10.1257/089533004773563421

Calcott, P., and M. Walls. 2000. “Can Downstream Waste Disposal Policies Encourage Upstream ‘Design for Environment’?” American Economic Review: Papers and Proceedings 90(2):233–237. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.90.2.233

Yohe, G., J. Neumann, and H. Ameden. 1995. “Assessing the Economic Cost of Greenhouse-Induced Sea Level Rise: Methods and Application in Support of a National Survey.” Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 29(3, Part 2):S-78–S-97. https://doi.org/10.1006/jeem.1995.1062

Conference proceeding or paper delivered at a meeting

Lim, K. H., and Hu, W. 2013. “How Local Is Local? Consumer Preference for Steaks with Different Food Mile Implications.” Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Southern Agricultural Economics Association, Orlando, FL, February 3–5. https://doi.org/10.22004/ag.econ.142828

Article in a popular magazine.

Prufer, O. 1964, December. “The Hopewell Cult.” Scientific American, 90–102.

Newspaper article with known writer

Kantchev, G., and D. Chopping. 2023, July 24. “Where Heat Waves Lead, Food Inflation Will Follow.” The Wall Street Journal. Available online: https://www.wsj.com/articles/where-heat-waves-lead-food-inflation-will-follow-ee6a32c

Newspaper article without writer designation

The Washington Post. 2000, January 15. “Russians Unveil New Security Plans.”

If two or more books or articles are by the same author or authors, list them chronologically. Use a 3-em dash if author name(s) appear exactly the same in the second instance.

Goldberger, A.S. 1959. Impact Multiplier and Dynamic Properties of the Klein-Goldberger Model. North-Holland.

———. 1964. Econometric Theory. Wiley.

Horan, R.D., J.S. Shortle, and D.G. Abler. 1999. “Green Payments for Nonpoint Pollution Control.” American Journal of Agricultural Economics 81:1210–1215. https://doi.org/10.2307/1244109

———. 2004. “The Coordination and Design of Point-Nonpoint Trading Programs and Agri-Environmental Policies.” Agricultural and Resource Economics Review 33(1):61–78. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1068280500005645

University bulletin or report

Bucholz, H.E., G.G. Judge, and V.I. West. 1962. A Summary of Estimated Behavior Relations for Agricultural Products in the United States. University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Department of Agricultural Economics, AERR-57.

Heady, E.O., D. McKee, and C.B. Haver. 1955. Farm Size Adjustments in Iowa and Cost Economies in Crop Production for Farms of Different Sizes. Iowa State University Agricultural Experimental Station, Research Bulletin 428.

Working paper

Fishbourne, N., and B. Geagh. 1974. “Food Policies and Social Supply.” Working paper. University of California, Davis, Department of Agricultural Economics.

Thesis or dissertation

Kuranchie, P.A. 1971. “Cost and Returns to Selected Crops in Ghana.” MS Thesis. University of Ghana.

Wells, J.C. 1964. “An Appraisal of Agricultural Investments in the 1962-63 Nigerian Development Program.” PhD Dissertation. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.

Unpublished material

Moore, P. 1960. “Academic Development.” Unpublished. University of Notre Dame.

USDA publication with author named

Brown, L.R. 1965. Increasing World Food Output: Problems and Prospects. USDA Economic, Statistics and Cooperatives Services, Foreign Agricultural Economics Report 25.

USDA publication without an author named

U.S. Department of Agriculture Economic, Statistics and Cooperatives Services (USDA-ESCS). 1965. Changes in Agriculture in 26 Developing Nations, 1948–1963. Foreign Agricultural Economics Report FAER-27.

Publication by another government agency

U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1966. 1964 United States Census of Agriculture, Preliminary Report.

Cowan, T., and J. Feder. 2008. The Pigford Case: USDA Settlement of a Discrimination Suit by Black Farmers. Congressional Research Service Report for Congress RS20430.

Congressional act

U.S. Congress. 1951. An Act to Amend the Agricultural Act of 1949. P.L. 78, 65 STAT, Title V: Agricultural Workers, 119. 82nd Congress. Available online: https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/STATUTE-65/pdf/STATUTE-65-Pg119.pdf

State legislature act

Maine Legislature. 2021. Legislative Document 1022: An Act to Make Agricultural Workers and Other Workers Employees under the Wage and Hour Laws. H.P. 760. Available online: https://legislature.maine.gov/legis/bills/getPDF.asp?paper=HP0760&item=1&snum=130

Congressional publication

U.S. Congress, House of Representatives, Task Force on Federal Flood Control. 1966. A Unified National Program for Managing Flood Losses. House Document 465, 89th Congress.

U.S. Congress, Senate Commission on Commerce. 1964, January 9. Conversion to the Metric System: Hearings on S1278. 88th Congress.

Publication by foreign government or agency

Ghana, Republic of, Central Bureau of Statistics. 1962. Economic Survey, 1961. Government Printing Department.

Nongovernment publication

Haynes, M. 2009. Farm-to-School in Central Minnesota. Region Five Development Commission, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities Applied Economics Department. Available online: http://www.regionfive.org/cms/files/Farm to School in Central MN -- Applied Economic Analysis.pdf

Martin, P.L. 2017. Immigration and Farm Labor: Challenges and Opportunities. Giannini Foundation Information Series 017-1. Available online: https://s.giannini.ucop.edu/uploads/giannini_public/dd/d9/ddd90bf0-2bf0-41ea-bc29-28c5e4e9b049/immigration_and_farm_labor_-_philip_martin.pdf

Database

Eurostat. 2025. International Trade in Goods Database. Available online: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/international-trade-in-goods/database [Accessed February 22, 2025]

U.S. Department of Agriculture Foreign Agricultural Service (USDA-FAS). 2025. GATS: Global Agricultural Trade System [database]. Available online: https://apps.fas.usda.gov/gats/default.aspx [Accessed January 3, 2025]

Publicly available dataset

Pew Hispanic Center. 2008. “2007 Hispanic Healthcare Survey” [data file]. Available online: http://pewhispanic.org/datasets/ [Accessed March 23, 2009]

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. 2024. “Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: Food (CPIUFDSL)” [data file]. FRED Economic Data. Available online: https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/CPIUFDSL [Accessed June 26, 2024]

Blog post

Martin, P.L. 2020, March 17. “Overtime and California Farm Workers.” Rural Migration News. Available online: https://migration.ucdavis.edu/rmn/blog/post/?id=2401

Norland, E. 2022, May 26. “Crop Prices and Inflation: What Is the Relationship?” CME Group. Available online: https://www.cmegroup.com/insights/economic-research/2022/crop-prices-and-inflation-what-is-the-relationship.html

Website citations

If appropriate, website addresses can be cited within the text of your article. The address must immediately follow the site name. When citing websites, they may remain underlined and in the default color of blue. Do not manually break, hyphenate, or reformat URLs. They will be automatically linked when published online.

Websites must also be included in the “For More Information” section.

In-text example:Saveur (http://www.saveur.com/article/blog/2013-Best-Food-Blog-Awards-Winners) recently published its list of 2013 award winners.

Bibliography examples:

Saveur. 2014. “2013 Best Food Blog Award Winners.” Available online: http://www.saveur.com/article/blog/2013-Best-Food-Blog-Awards-Winners

Society for Human Resource Management. 2019. “Understanding Overtime Exemptions under the FLSA.” Available online: https://www.shrm.org/resourcesandtools/tools-and-samples/toolkits/pages/understanding-overtime-exemptions-.aspx

U.S. Department of Agriculture Economic Research Service (USDA-ERS). 2024. “Food Dollar Series.” Available online: https://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/food-dollar-series/

Updated November 2025