Teaching and Educational Methods
Designing a Farm and Ranch Management Plan: A Teaching Template
Nicole Karwowski(a) and Beth Shirley(a)
(a)Montana State University
JEL Codes: L26, M13, Q13
Keywords: agribusiness, business plan, curriculum, entrepreneurship, farm and ranch management plan, management
First Published Online: December 2, 2025
View Full Article (PDF) | Request Teaching Notes/Supplemental Materials
Abstract
This article examines the implementation of a farm and ranch management plan assignment in an undergraduate agricultural economics course. Designing a farm and ranch management plan addresses a key gap in agricultural education: the lack of entrepreneurial training, which is a major barrier for young producers in starting and managing successful operations. Business plans have been linked to greater entrepreneurial success, providing a roadmap for firm growth and decision-making. This article includes assignment guidelines, learning objectives, implementation strategies, example materials, and a grading rubric. Assignment challenges and student feedback are also discussed. Creating these farm and ranch management plans allows students to apply class concepts to real-world settings while developing essential skills in research, critical thinking, communication, skill mapping, and networking. Through this assignment, students are empowered to explore various career paths, assess the feasibility of their ideas, and engage with industry professionals. This flexibility accommodates students from different backgrounds—whether they are from traditional agricultural families or exploring new ventures. Writing a farm and ranch management plan requires students to explore new pathways and navigate the competitive agricultural landscape and, ultimately, reduces barriers to entry for new producers.
References
Ackoff, S., A. Bahrenburg, and L.L. Shute. 2017. Building a Future with Farmers II: Results and Recommendations from the National Young Farmer Survey. National Young Farmer Coalition.
Akcigit, U., and S.T. Ates. 2021. “Ten Facts on Declining Business Dynamism and Lessons from Endogenous Growth Theory.” American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics 13(1):257–298. DOI: 10.1257/mac.20180449
Barrow, C., P. Barrow, and R. Brown. 2005. The Business Plan Workbook. Kogan Page.
Becherer, R.C., and M.M. Helms. 2009. “The Value of Business Plans for New Ventures: Company and Entrepreneur Outcomes.” Journal of Small Business Strategy 20(2):80–96.
Bhattari, A., and G.C. Davis. 2024. “Teaching the Economics of Corporate Social Responsibility: A Mixed Motive Bargaining Simulation Game.” Applied Economics Teaching Resources 6(4):69-80. DOI: 10.22004/ag.econ.348257
Boland, M. 2020. “Case Study Research Topics in Agribusiness Economics and Management.” Applied Economics Teaching Resources 2(1):1–13. doi: 10.22004/ag.econ.301861
Brinckmann, J., D. Grichnik, and D. Kapsa. 2010. “Should Entrepreneurs Plan or Just Storm the Castle? A Meta-Analysis on Contextual Factors Impacting the Business Planning–Performance Relationship in Small Firms.” Journal of Business Venturing 25(1):24–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2008.10.007
Brown, R., J. Clark, and R. Tewari. 2024. “We Need to Talk About Curriculum Innovation.” Applied Economics Teaching Resources 6(1):99-111. DOI: 10.22004/ag.econ.341815
Burke, A., S. Fraser, and F.J. Greene. 2010. “The Multiple Effects of Business Planning on New Venture Performance.” Journal of Management Studies 47(3):391–415. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.2009.00857.x
Decker, R., J. Haltiwanger, R. Jarmin, and J. Miranda. 2014. “The Role of Entrepreneurship in U.S. Job Creation and Economic Dynamism.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 28(3):3–24. DOI: 10.1257/jep.28.3.3
Delbridge, T.A. 2023. “Agribusiness Study Abroad Programs and Their Potential for Fostering a More Inclusive Climate.” Applied Economics Teaching Resources 5(4):1–8. DOI: 10.22004/ag.econ.339191
Delmar, F., and S. Shane. 2003. “Does Business Planning Facilitate the Development of New Ventures?” Strategic Management Journal 24(12):1165–1185. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.349
———. 2004. “Legitimating First: Organizing Activities and the Survival of New Ventures.” Journal of Business Venturing 19(3):385–410. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-9026(03)00037-5
DiGiacomo, G., R.P. King, and D. Nordquist. 2003. Building a Sustainable Business: A Guide to Developing a Business Plan for Farms and Rural Businesses.
Greene, F.J., and C. Hopp. 2017. “Are Formal Planners More Likely to Achieve New Venture Viability? A Counterfactual Model and Analysis.” Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal 11(1):36–60. https://doi.org/10.1002/sej.1245
Hall, D. 2024. “Educational Materials Addressing Industry and Market Developments: Introduction to the Special Issue.” Applied Economics Teaching Resources 6(4):1-4. DOI: 10.22004/ag.econ.348253
Honig, B., and T. Karlsson. 2004. “Institutional Forces and the Written Business Plan.” Journal of Management 30(1):29–48.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jm.2002.11.002
Hopp, C., F.J. Greene, B. Honig, T. Karlsson, and M. Samuelsson. 2018. “Revisiting the Influence of Institutional Forces on the Written Business Plan: A Replication Study.” Management Review Quarterly 68:361–398. 10.1007/s11301-018-0143-9
Kay, R.D., W.M. Edwards, and P.A. Duffy. 2024. Farm Management. McGraw Hill.
Kirsch, D., B. Goldfarb, and A. Gera. 2009. “Form or Substance: The Role of Business Plans in Venture Capital Decision Making.” Strategic Management Journal 30(5):487–515. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.751
Kokotsaki, D., V. Menzies, and A. Wiggins. 2016. “Project-Based Learning: A Review of the Literature.” Improving Schools 19(3):267–277. https://doi.org/10.1177/1365480216659
Kozeniauskas, N. 2025. “What’s Driving the Decline in Entrepreneurship?” Journal of Monetary Economics:103812. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoneco.2025.103812
Lennart, N., S. Smith, and A. Carrington. 2019. Down in the Dirt Farm. Intervale Center. Retrieved from https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5877a359f5e231f7a6d2b622/t/5ebc01295111036cfc9a7800/1589379371567/Example+Farm+Business+Plan+and+Financials.pdf
Orazem, P., and J. Winters. 2023. “Declining Firm Entry and Self-Employment in Small Markets.” Agricultural Policy Review, Winter 2023.
Palo Alto Software, Inc. 2009. Peach and Apricot Farm Business Plan. Bplans. Retrieved from https://www.bplans.com/peach-and-apricot-farm-business-plan/ [December 31, 2024].
Parcell, J., and M. Sykuta. 2005. “Undergraduate Perceptions of the Need for an Agricultural Entrepreneurship Curriculum.” NACTA Journal 49(1):26–31.
Parsons, J. 2015, February 18. “Why Develop a Business Plan?” Cornhusker Economics, University of Nebraska–Lincoln.
———. 2018, December 19. “Six Key Components of a Farm or Ranch Business Plan.” Cornhusker Economics, University of Nebraska–Lincoln.
Peralta, A., C. Johns, and A. Loch. 2024. “Expanding Beyond Case Studies in Postgraduate Agribusiness Teaching to Enhance Experiential Benefits and Student/Teacher Outcomes.” Applied Economics Teaching Resources 6(4):36-68. DOI: 10.22004/ag.econ.348256
Rasul, T., S. Nair, D. Kalendra, M. Robin, F. de Oliveira Santini, W.J. Ladeira, M. Sun, I. Day, R.A. Rather, and L. Heathcote. 2023. “The Role of ChatGPT in Higher Education: Benefits, Challenges, and Future Research Directions.” Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1):41–56. https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.29
Richards, S. 2002. Starting an Ag-Business? A Pre-Planning Guide. NY FarmLink Program, Cornell University.
Rudi-Polloshkaa, J., A. Lathrop, K. Cannon, and E. Krier. 2023. “Training Underrepresented Students via an Interdisciplinary Food Safety Outreach Program.” Applied Economics Teaching Resources 5(4):1-15. DOI: 10.22004/ag.econ.339194
Rupasingha, A., D. Crown, and J. Pender. 2019. “Rural Business Programs and Business Performance: The Impact of the USDA’s Business and Industry (B&I) Guaranteed Loan Program.” Journal of Regional Science 59(4):701–722. https://doi.org/10.1111/jors.12421
Sahlman, W.A. 2008. How to Write a Great Business Plan. Harvard Business Press.
Salgado, S. 2020. “Technical Change and Entrepreneurship.” Working paper. The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania.
SCORE. 2024. “Business Plan Template for Established Businesses.” Retrieved from https://www.score.org/resource/template/business-plan-template-established-business [December 27, 2024].
Shane, S., and F. Delmar. 2004. “Planning for the Market: Business Planning before Marketing and the Continuation of Organizing Efforts.” Journal of Business Venturing 19(6):767–785. DOI:10.1016/j.jbusvent.2003.11.001
Staley, J. 2010. “A Business Plan for a 600-Acre Farm and 300-Head Commercial Cow Herd in South Central Idaho.” PhD dissertation. Kansas State University.
Sweeney, S. 2023. “Who Wrote This? Essay Mills and Assessment—Considerations Regarding Contract Cheating and AI in Higher Education.” International Journal of Management Education 21(2):100818. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijme.2023.100818
Timmons, E., and S. Spinelli. 2003. “Entrepreneurship for the 21st Century.” New Venture Creation 3:249–256.
US Department of Agriculture (USDA). 2022. Census of Agriculture Highlights. National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS). Retrieved from https://www.nass.usda.gov.
———. 2023. “How to Start a Farm: Plan Your Operation.” Retrieved from https://www.farmers.gov/your-business/beginning-farmers/business-plan.
———. 2025. Census of Agriculture Historical Archive. Albert R. Mann Library, Cornell University. Retrieved from https://agcensus.library.cornell.edu/ [June 9, 2025].
US Department of Agriculture Economic Research Service (ERS), 2024. Commodity Costs and Returns. Retrieved from https://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/commodity-costs-and-returns/ [December 27, 2024].
Articles in this issue
Economic Implications of a Major US Infant Formula Recall: Understanding the Industry, Consumer Behavior, and Policy Response
Jeta Rudi-Polloshka, Sevval Buse Sariman, Mina Hejazi, and Amanda A. Lathrop
Unannounced Quizzes and Exam Performance: Evidence of a Continuous Preparation Effect in Introductory Microeconomics
Moon Joon Kim
Student Reflections on Problem-Based Learning: The Use of Open Research Calls in Problem Design
Edel Kelly and Tomás Russell
Re-engaging Traditional Students and Attracting New Talent to Agricultural and Applied Economics Curricula and Agribusiness Careers
English Ratliff, Sierra Howry, Kenrett Jefferson Moore, Jerrod Penn, Mohammed Ibrahim, et.al
Designing a Farm and Ranch Management Plan: A Teaching Template
Nicole Karwowski and Beth Shirley
Seven Editions of Pedagogical Innovation: Insights for Developing an Agribusiness Management Curriculum for the Twenty-First Century
Jay Akridge, Freddie L. Barnard, Brady E. Brewer, W. David Downey, John C. Foltz, Trey Malone


